The Changing Practice of Hospitalization for the Mentally Ill

Presentation There have been progressive changes in psychological sickness hospitalization throughout the years. At first, the intellectually sick patients were hospitalized for significant stretches and were shielded from delivering hurt on themselves or others, however little treatment was advertised. Notwithstanding, today there is the utilization of rehabilitative prescription so as to attempt to make the patients to return to free living.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Changing Practice of Hospitalization for the Mentally Ill explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More There has additionally been the presentation of the idea of deinstitutionalization, which has guaranteed that psychological patients can find support from network based organizations so as to conform to typical life. This paper investigates the progressions that psychological hospitalization has experienced from the beginning of time. Induction into Mental Institutions Admission to a psychological emergency clinic can be through three different ways, for example intentional, crisis, or automatic affirmation. In intentional confirmation, patients visit mental organizations and solicitation for hospitalization. Patients who are intellectually sick and are happy to experience treatment are likewise viewed as deliberate patients. These patients have a few rights, for example, the option to deny treatment in the event that they are not jeopardizing others or themselves and the option to demand for release (Tasman and Mohr, 2011). Crisis affirmation patients are the one hospitalized following psychological instability manifestations and practices that can cause damage to others and to them. After the assessment and treatment of the patients, they can either be released or have their status changed to deliberate patients. While under the crisis affirmation status, the patients’ development into and out of the foundation is limited yet they are permitted to talk with their legitimate delegates (Tasman and Mohr, 2011). Automatic hospitalization is controlled to intellectually sick people whose condition imperil themselves as well as other people, however decline to be hospitalized or rewarded. Accordingly, this gathering of intellectually sick people is held in a psychological medical clinic without wanting to. They are inspected and in the event that they are seen as intellectually sick and prone to make hurt themselves or others, they are conceded under automatic status (Curtis, 2001). The consideration gave to intellectually sick people is affected by the legitimate framework. Psychological well-being experts are required to comprehend the laws that manage this training so as to have the option to deal with the patients, while simultaneously securing their wellbeing and rights. The reason, practice, and structure of psychological wellness care have advanced throughout the years. A typical pattern is deinstitutionalization, which inc ludes having less patients dwelling in mental clinics and conveying less psychological sickness medicines in open emergency clinics. This training includes the arrival of patients from mental clinics, decrease in the confirmation of patients, and diminishing the timeframe that a patient is held at the psychological emergency clinic. It additionally includes the rearrangement of the exhibitions of mental emergency clinics so as to destroy or diminish maladaptive practices, for example, misery (Barry and Farmer, 2002).Advertising Looking for exposition on wellbeing medication? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the nineteenth century, mental medical clinics expanded in size and number. In the start of the twentieth century, there was an expansion in the quantity of patient affirmations and therefore the psychological medical clinics became packed. During times of war or financial disintegration, the subsidizing to these foundati ons was halted. This prompted poor day to day environments including. The possibility of deinstitutionalization was imagined during the 1920s and 1930s as an option in contrast to mental hospitalization. The people group administrations gave lodging, management, and less expensive expenses. The people group administrations were likewise expected to add to better joining of the patients with the general public. During the 1960s, there was an incredible increment in deinstitutionalization and the timeframe that patients should remain in mental medical clinics was decreased by the greater part. In 1963, President John F. Kennedy impacted the death of the Community Mental Health Centers Act, which gave financing to network wellbeing offices that served the intellectually sick individuals from the general public. This Act prompted expanded deinstitutionalization. The government financed psychological well-being care (Dowdall, 1996). Deinstitutionalization furnishes intellectually sick pa tients with an increasingly liberal and altruistic treatment in network based offices. It causes mental patients to acclimate to the life outside the psychological establishment. This is accomplished by expelling the patients from the establishments where their social conduct might be adjusted to the conditions in that institutional condition. The patients can settle on their own decisions and thusly they become engaged and free. The people are liberated from institutional desires and leads and consequently, they modify all the more effectively to the everyday life (Barry and Farmer, 2002). End From the above conversation, obviously the act of hospitalizing the intellectually sick people in the general public has experienced momentous changes. Mental patients no longer need to spend numerous years in mental medical clinics however can go to network based offices where they are assisted with coordinating with the general public. Deinstitutionalization has functioned admirably for mos t mental patients yet has had some negative effects. A few patients have been not able to achieve better social combination and have stayed jobless and without social contacts. Different patients were released before they were decidedly ready and wound up going to prison or getting destitute. Besides, the set up network administrations couldn't meet the perplexing needs of the psychological patients. Reference List Barry, P.D., and Farmer, S. (2002). Psychological well-being and Mental Illness. USA: Lippincott Williams Wilkins.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Changing Practice of Hospitalization for the Mentally Ill explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Curtis, A. (2001). Automatic Commitment. Recovered from http://psychrights.org/states/Maine/InvoluntaryCommitmentbyAliciaCurtis.htm Dowdall, G.W. (1996). The Eclipse of the State Mental Hospital: Policy, Stigma, and Organization. USA: SUNY Press. Tasman, An., and Mohr, W. K. (2011). Basics of Psychiatry. USA: John Wiley Sons. This article on The Changing Practice of Hospitalization for the Mentally Ill was composed and put together by client Dominic Hill to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Spirit Bound Chapter Twenty-Two Free Essays

I DIDN’T TAKE THE GUY’S guidance and detach out of there, however I didn’t precisely sit on the front advance either. I waited close by in a bunch of cherry trees, figuring it would just involve time before the gathering finished and individuals spilled out the entryways. Following a few minutes passed and nothing occurred, I flipped into Lissa’s mind and found things were still in full power. We will compose a custom paper test on Soul Bound Chapter Twenty-Two or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now In spite of Tatiana pronouncing twice since the meeting was finished, individuals were all the while remaining around and contending in gatherings. Tasha was remaining in one such gathering with Lissa and Adrian, making one of the energetic discourses she was so acceptable at. Tasha probably won't be as icily ascertaining as Tatiana was the point at which it came to political moves, yet Tasha had a sharp feeling of waves in the framework and perceived open doors when they came. She was against the age-bringing down announcement. She was for instructing Moroi to battle. Neither of those was getting her exceptionally far, so she hopped on the following best thing: Lissa. â€Å"Why are we contending among ourselves about how best to murder Strigoi when we can spare them?† Tasha put one arm around Lissa and one around Adrian, drawing them both forward. Lissa still wore her peacefully sure look, yet Adrian looked prepared to jolt whenever given a large portion of an opportunity. â€Å"Vasilisaâ€who, coincidentally, is for sure being denied her reasonable voice here, gratitude to an obsolete lawâ€has demonstrated that Strigoi can be brought back.† â€Å"That hasn’t been proven,† shouted one man in the group. â€Å"Are you kidding?† asked a lady close to him. â€Å"My sister was with the gathering that brought him back. She says he’s certainly a dhampir. He was even out in the sun!† Tasha gave the thumbs up at the lady. â€Å"I was there too. What's more, presently we have two soul clients equipped for doing this for other Strigoi.† As much as I regarded Tasha, I wasn’t completely with her on this. The measure of powerâ€not to specify exertion engaged with the stakingâ€that Lissa had required with Dimitri had been faltering. It had even incidentally hurt the bond. That didn’t mean she couldn’t do it once more. Nor did it mean she wouldn’t need to once more. She was simply innocently humane enough to dedicate herself completely to the line of fire to help other people. Be that as it may, I knew the more force a soul client employed, the speedier they’d go not far off to madness. Furthermore, Adrian†¦ well, he was very nearly a nonissue here. Regardless of whether he needed to go marking Strigoi, he didn’t have the sort of mending power it would take to reestablish oneâ€at least not presently. It’s wasn’t remarkable for Moroi to utilize their components in various manners. Some fire clients, similar to Christian, had gifted control of fire itself. Others could just utilize their enchantment to, state, warm the air in a room. Similarly, Lissa and Adrian had their qualities with soul. His most noteworthy recuperating triumph was retouching a break, she still couldn’t walk dreams, regardless of the amount she rehearsed. Along these lines, truly, Tasha had one soul client equipped for sparing Strigoi, and that one could scarcely change armies of those beasts. Tasha seemed to perceive this a bit. â€Å"The Council shouldn’t be sitting around with age laws,† she proceeded. â€Å"We need to sink our assets into discovering more soul clients and enrolling them to help spare Strigoi.† She fixed her look on somebody in the group. â€Å"Martin, didn’t your sibling get betrayed his will? With enough work, we could take him back to you. Alive. Much the same as you probably were aware him. Something else, he’s simply going to get marked when watchmen discover himâ€and obviously he’ll be butchering blameless people along the way.† No doubt, Tasha was acceptable. She could paint a decent picture and about brought that Martin fellow to tears. She didn’t truly notice individuals who’d turned Strigoi energetically. Lissa, as yet remaining with her, wasn’t sure how she felt about the possibility of a Strigoi-sparing soul armed force, however she recognized how this was all piece of a few different plans Tasha hadâ€including one to get Lissa casting a ballot rights. Tasha played up Lissa’s capacities and character, laughing at what was unmistakably an obsolete law from a period that would never have predicted this circumstance. Tasha further called attention to that a full Council of twelve families would make an impression on Strigoi wherever about Moroi solidarity. I didn’t need to hear any more. I’d let Tasha use her political enchantment and talk more to Lissa later. I was still so fomented about what had happened when I’d shouted at the Council that I couldn’t remain to see that room any longer. I left her psyche and came back to my own, howling when I saw a face directly before mine. â€Å"Ambrose!† Outstanding amongst other looking dhampirs on the planetâ€after Dimitri, of courseâ€flashed me a glimmering, famous actor grin. â€Å"You were so still, I thought perhaps you were attempting to be a dryad.† I flickered. â€Å"A what?† He motioned to the cherry trees. â€Å"Nature spirits. Delightful ladies who become one with trees.† â€Å"I’m not certain if that was a commendation or not,† I said. â€Å"But it’s great to see you again.† Ambrose was a genuine peculiarity in our way of life: a male dhampir who had neither taken gatekeeper promises nor run off to tuck away among people. Female dhampirs regularly decided not to join the gatekeepers so as to concentrate on raising families. That’s why we were so uncommon. However, men? They had no reason, most definitely. As opposed to lurk off in disrespect, nonetheless, Ambrose had decided to remain and just work for the Moroi another way. He was basically a servantâ€a high-class one who served drinks at tip top gatherings and offered back rubs to illustrious ladies. He likewise, if bits of gossip were valid, served Tatiana in physical ways. That was so dreadful, however, I immediately reset my head. â€Å"You too,† he let me know. â€Å"But in the event that you aren’t communing with nature, what are you doing?† â€Å"It’s a long story. I sort of got tossed out of a Council meeting.† He looked dazzled. â€Å"Literally tossed out?† â€Å"Dragged, I presume. I’m shocked I haven’t seen you around,† I considered. â€Å"Of course, I’ve sort of been, um, diverted this last week.† â€Å"So I’ve heard,† he stated, giving me a thoughtful look. â€Å"Although, I really have been away. Just got back last night.† â€Å"Just in time for the fun,† I mumbled. The honest look all over educated me hadn’t heard concerning the announcement yet. â€Å"What are you doing now?† he inquired. â€Å"This doesn’t look like discipline. Did you finish your sentence?† â€Å"Something like that. I’m sort of sitting tight for somebody now. Was simply going to hang out in my room.† â€Å"Well, if you’re killing time, why don’t you come see Aunt Rhonda?† â€Å"Rhonda?† I glowered. â€Å"No offense, however your auntie didn’t truly intrigue me with her capacities last time.† â€Å"None taken,† he said happily. â€Å"But she’s been pondering about you. What's more, Vasilisa. In this way, if you’re simply hanging around†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I dithered. He was correct that I had nothing better to do at the present time. I was stuck on alternatives with both Dimitri and the Council’s numbskull goals. However Rhondaâ€his fortune-telling Moroi auntâ€wasn’t somebody I truly needed to see once more. Regardless of my garrulous words, the reality of the situation was that everything considered, some of Rhonda’s forecasts had worked out as expected. I just didn’t like what they’d been. â€Å"Fine,† I stated, attempting to look exhausted. â€Å"Make it fast.† He grinned once more, similar to he could see through my trick, and drove me off to a structure I’d been to once previously. It housed a sumptuous salon and spa frequented by imperial Moroi. Lissa and I had our nails done there, and as Ambrose and I wound our way through it to Rhonda’s den, I felt a weird ache inside me. Nail treatments and pedicures†¦ they appeared the most unimportant things on the planet. In any case, on that day, they’d been great. Lissa and I had chuckled and developed closer†¦ not long before the school was assaulted and everything fell apart†¦. Rhonda told fortunes in a back room that was a long way from the bustling spa. Notwithstanding its shabby feel, she did a truly energetic business and even had her own assistant. Or then again, well, she used to. This time, the work area was unfilled, and Ambrose drove me straight through to Rhonda’s room. It looked precisely equivalent to previously, such as being inside a heart. Everything was red: the backdrop, the designs, and the pads covering the floor. Rhonda herself sat on the floor, eating a cup of yogurt, which appeared to be horrendously standard for somebody who purportedly used supernatural forces. Wavy dark hair fell around her shoulders, making the enormous gold circles in her ears sparkle. â€Å"Rose Hathaway,† she said cheerfully, saving the yogurt. â€Å"What a pleasant surprise.† â€Å"Shouldn’t you have seen me coming?† I asked dryly. Her lips jerked with entertainment. â€Å"That’s not my power.† â€Å"Sorry to intrude on your dinner,† Ambrose stated, effortlessly collapsing his ripped body as he plunked down. â€Å"But Rose isn’t simple to get hold of.† â€Å"I envision not,† she said. â€Å"I’m dazzled you got her to come by any means. What would i be able to accomplish for you today, Rose?† I shrugged and sank down alongside Ambrose. â€Å"I don’t know. I’m just here on the grounds that Ambrose talked me into it.† â€?

Advanced Organizational Analysis Report Example

Advanced Organizational Analysis Report Example Advanced Organizational Analysis Report â€" Assignment Example > Creating collaborative e-learning environmentIntroduction: The present global environment calls for rapid incorporation of the technologies and organizational tools which would encourage rapid growth and advancement of the e-learning environment in harmony with international standards. Along with technological skills and advancement needed to meet the present global trend, it is important to have accurate analysis of diverse perspectives in the effectiveness of organizations learning outcomes. An understanding of such outcomes will lead to an impetus which would help the organization grow. There are two perspectives which play a significant role in the determination of the outcomes these are critical theory and critical systems theory, which simultaneously play a critical role in determining the outcome of the process involved in determination of the system which effects collaborative e-learning environment. The role of information systems in collaboration with e-learning environm ent adds new perspective to the learning environment which is unique and competitive. It is continuously tested in this new environment with new challenges to organizational development and culture. It leads to dynamic changes in the learning environment where country’s educational opportunities play critical role in impacting the educational opportunities and acceleration of the human capital. It is important to integrate appropriate information technology as useful tool in facilitating e-learning. The backup of sound organizational plan is the ground based on which e-learning environment can be managed and motivated to achieve its optimum potential. The two perspectives of organizational planning based on the critical social theory and critical systems theory will allow for complete and comprehensive evaluation of the research topic in relation to educational environment. Description of the research topic: The research topic is “creating collaborative e-learning environment†. This topic is very modern and global in it’s dimension and will require deep in-depth consideration of the factor which also affect the organizational culture in the present global e-learning environment. The research aims to target factors which impact the implementation of the new collaborative environment through the systematic and comprehensive use of the research methods which is used for gathering data and evaluation in organizational set up. The second, aim of the research is to address the issue of generating new channel for students to learn through the use of technology where enormous number of students has exposure to the system. The research question is aimed at students in Saudi Arabia, according to (Al Saif, 2005), currently, educational institutions in Saudi Arabia are possible to face some difficulties which related to the high number of students who are enrolling at Universities every year. He continued that by saying using new technologies to enable e-learni ng environment will brings morebenefits such as solving the problem of the high number of students as well as opennew method for students who can not attend the class such who has disabilities tohave a chance for learning and education. According to (Lee, 2007), he indicated that in his study the gender play a significant role in IT researches and the researcher suggested to consider this element with IT researches. This type of education makes the opportunity for women in Saudi Arabia to interact and exchange information with men.

Mudarabah Definition - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 885 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2018/12/30 Category Finance Essay Type Assignment Level High school Did you like this example? Whats Mudarabah? It is a kind of partnership where one partner gives money to another for investing in a commercial enterprise. The investment comes from the first partner who is called Rab-ul-Maal while the management and work is an exclusive responsibility of the other, who is called Mudarib and the profits generated are shared in a predetermined ratio (Aziz, 2012 pg 7). Types of Mudarabah Restricted Mudarabah (Al Mudarabah Al Muqayyadah): It implies thatRab-ul-Maal is identifying particular business or a particular place for theMudarib, in the case that he shall invest the money in (Chowdhry, 2016 pg. 5) Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Mudarabah Definition" essay for you Create order Types of Mudarabah Unrestricted Mudarabah (Al Mudarabah Al Mutlaqah): It implies thatRab-ul-Maal provides full freedom toMudarib to undertake whatever business he considers, HoweverMudarib cannot lend money to anyone or do any extraordinary work without the approval ofRab-ul-Maal. He is also not authorized to: Keep another Mudarib or a partner. Mix his own investment in that particular Mudarabah without the consent ofRab-ul-Maal (Anwar, 2011 pg. 30). Business case Durrat Al Bahrain is considered as a hallmark resort island city, Located on the south coast of Bahrain. Offerings over 2000 beachfront villas, 3600 executive apartments and offices, luxury hotels and spa resorts, parks and entertainment (Ma, 2009 pg. 12). On 2003 Development of Durrat Khaleej Al-Bahrain Project launched. Its a US$ 6 billion joint development project owned by the Government of Bahrain and Kuwait Finance House (Bahrain). Kuwait Finance House (Bahrain) owning equal shares (50%) with the Government of Kingdom of Bahrain (Manap, 2017 pg. 10) Transaction Structure 1. Project Feasible study Collection capital Sharing Profit/ Loss Marketing project CBB Insurance Approve project Risk management department evaluate proposed project, and draw scenarios, backup plan. Presented project to CBB insurance for approval, and risk assessment. CBB hold project forecasted capital as guarantee, to reduce risk of project failure and to protect investors. Collecting and marketing project, through adding expected profit from the project. Made will be shared between the capital provider and the entrepreneur according to an agreed ratio, where both parties share in profits and only capital provider bears all the losses if occurred (Nisar, 2007 pg. 31). Why Mudarabah was successful? Low Participation in Profit Loss Sharing Arrangement: They studied the market too well and they considered offering an affordable and realistic rate to the buyers. It is the most secure product based on the feasibility studies that they have done (Nuruzzaman, 2013 pg. 32) The real state projects are always welcome and on high demand in the gulf. Advantages of Mudarabah Although this Quranic verse do not addresses straight forward the validity of mudaraba, it has been interpreted to include the intention of trading and seeking permissible income (Sadique, 2009 pg. 12) Basically, the wordmudarabat/ is derived from the Arabic word Daraba/ Which meansto strike. In Islamic Jurisprudence, mudarabat/ is such trade or business of partnership in which one party provides toanother party the capital and that other party carries on the business. Like all other trade and business the object of this business is also to earn profit by dong a business which isnot prohibited by the Shari`ah and in which no element of? Riba involves. When at the end the business earns profitthe same is distributed among the partners according to thealready agreed conditions. Thusmu darabat/ is akind of Partnership (Shir a kat) in which one partyinvests money and the other party puts his services. Advantages of Mudarabah Earn profit by doing a business which is not prohibited by the Shari`ah and in which no element of Riba involves. When at the end of the business earns profit the same is distributed among the partners according to the already agreed conditions (Khan, 2016 pg. 11) It assists in financial inclusion. Reducing the impact of harmful products and practices. It promotes the principle of financial justice Encouraging stability in investments. Accelerating economic development. Disadvantages (limitation) of Mudarabah Due to greater complexities of Islamic bank transactions, they face a greater difficulties in recognizing and handling risks as compare with a conventional bank. It is difficult to expand a business financed through Mudarabah because of limited opportunities to re-invest retained earnings and/or raising additional funds. TheMudarib cannot become the sole owner of the project except through diminishing Musharakah, which may take a long time PLS (Khaled, 2011 pg. 9) Reference List Anwar, M., 2011. Development Of Mudarabah Instruments: Understanding Their Profitability, Securitization And Negotiability Aspects. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 9(2). Aziz, F., Anjam, M., Fahim, S.M. and Saleem, F., 2012. Mudarabah in Islamic Finance: A Critical Analysis of Interpretation Implications. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(5), pp.1236-1243. Chowdhry, S., 2016. Creating an Islamic microfinance model: the missing dimension. Dinar Standard: Business Strategies for the Muslim World. Khaled, M., 2011, June. Building a successful business model for Islamic microfinance. In Global Microcredit Summit Commissioned Workshop Paper. Khan, M.A., 2012. Types of Business Organisation in an Islamic Economy. Quill Publishers. Ma, I.Z.L., 2009. How Islamic Banking System work and operate in Malaysia/Isa Ma Zi Liang (Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Malaya). Manap, A., Hanna, S. and Siththi, F., 2017. Poverty Alleviation via Microfinance using the Concept of Mudharabah.? International journal of management and applied research, 4(3), pp.188-178. Nisar, S., 2007. Islamic Bonds (Sukuk): its introduction and application. Electronic Article at: www. financeinislam. com. Nuruzzaman, M., 2013. Politics, economics and Saudi military intervention in Bahrain. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 43(2), pp.363-378. Sadique M.A., 2009. Essentials of Musharakah and Mudarabah: Islamic texts on theory of partnership. IIUM Press.

Bipolar Disorder ( Bd ) - 1879 Words

Bipolar disorder (BD), or manic depression, is one of the oldest mental illnesses, first being documented in 1st Century Greece by Aretaeus of Cappadocia. He first noted the link between mania and depression that is so characteristic of the disease. As the years progressed the disease changed names from â€Å"mania† and â€Å"melancholia† during Ancient Greece and Rome, to â€Å"manico-melancolicus† in the 17th century, â€Å"lafolie circulaire† in 1851, and now, finally, â€Å"bipolar† as defined by the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) in 1980. Bipolar disorder affects 2.3 million Americans, or 1.2% of the population (Gambaccini, 2012). It is equally represented in men and women and among all races,†¦show more content†¦The first paper, Large-scale genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder identifies a new susceptibility locus near ODZ4, by Sklar et al.,  "combined genome-wide association (GWAS) analysis of 7,481 individuals affected with bipolar disorder and 9,250 control individuals within the Psychiatric Genomewide Association Study Consortium Bipolar Disorder group (PGC-BD)† (2011). In order to achieve this, they used a variety of methods including a genome wide association analysis (GWAS), replication study, and a pathway analysis. For the GWAS they used 16,731 BD samples from multiple overlapping case and control studies facilitated by the Psychiatric Genome-wide Association Study Consortium (PGC) and 47,035 individuals for the replication sample. After receiving the primary genotype and phenotype data for all of the samples, they combined them into a datasheet with 7,481 unique cases and 9,250 unique controls selected. The sample was broken down with 84% BD type 1, 11% BD type 2, 4% schizoaffective disorder bipolar type, and 1% other bipolar diagnosis. They used 46,234 SNP’s, or single nucleotide polymorphisms, to directly genotype all 11 groups and 1,016,924 NPs were genotyped for 9 of the groups. SNPs are a single nucleotide that is changed that can result in a disease by altering a gene’s function. They then used a logistic regression of the case statuses on the dosages of SNPs and determined that

Negative Utilitarianism An Overview Free Essays

Most utilitarian theories deal with producing the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. Negative utilitarianism (NU) requires us to promote the least amount of evil or harm, or to prevent the greatest amount of suffering for the greatest number. Proponents like Karl Popper, Christoph Fehige and Clark Wolf argue that this is a more effective ethical formula, since, they contend, the greatest harms are more consequential than the greatest goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Negative Utilitarianism: An Overview or any similar topic only for you Order Now Karl Popper also referred to an epistemological argument: â€Å"It adds to clarity in the fields of ethics, if we formulate our demands negatively, i. e. if we demand the elimination of suffering rather than the promotion of happiness. †(Karl R. Popper,1945) Most forms of utilitarianism hold that we ought to do that which maximises the good and minimises the bad. There is some disagreement about what the good and the bad are– whether the good is people being happy and the bad is people being unhappy, or the good is people getting what they want and the bad is people not getting what they want, or whatever–but most utilitarians agree that whatever the good and the bad are, we ought to bring about as much of the former and as little of the latter as is possible. Negative utilitarians disagree. Negative utilitarians are concerned only with minimising the bad. They don’t think we ought to maximise the good and minimise the bad, and that when we must choose between the two we must weigh the difference that we can make to the one against the difference that we can make to the other; rather, negative utilitarians hold just that we ought to minimise the bad, that we ought to alleviate suffering as far as we are able to do so. Suppose that I have a choice to make: I can either make the happiest man in the world even happier than he already is, or I can alleviate some of the suffering of the unhappiest man in the world. Suppose further that the difference that I can make to the happy man is much greater than the difference that I can make to the unhappy man. Most utilitarians would say that in this case I ought to help the happy man. As I can make a greater difference to the life of the happy man than I can make to the life of the unhappy man, it is the happy man whom I should help. Negative utilitarians disagree. Negative utilitarians hold that it is more important to alleviate suffering than it is to promote pleasure, and that I should therefore always choose to alleviate suffering rather than promote pleasure when forced to choose between the two. In most supporters of moderate NU the preference to survive is stronger than the wish to be freed from suffering, so that they refuse the idea of a quick and painless destruction of life. Some of them believe that, in time, the worst cases of suffering is defeated and a world of minor suffering can be realized. The big problem with negative utilitarianism is that it appears to require the destruction of the world. The world contains much suffering, and the future, presumably, contains a great deal more suffering than the present. Each of us will suffer many calamaties in the course of our lives, before those lives finally end with the suffering of death. There is a way, however, to reduce this suffering: we could end it all now. With nuclear weapons technology, we have the capability to blow up the planet, making it uninhabitable. Doing so would cause us all to suffer death, but death is going to come to us all anyway, so causing everyone to die will not increase the suffering in the world. Causing us to die now, though, will decrease the suffering in the world; it will prevent us from suffering those calamaties that were going to plague us during the remainder of our lives. Destroying the planet, then, will reduce the suffering in the world. According to negative utilitarianism, then, it is what we ought to do. That, though, is surely absurd. Negative utilitarianism, therefore, is false. How to cite Negative Utilitarianism: An Overview, Papers

Subjects such as art, music and drama Essay Example For Students

Subjects such as art, music and drama Essay Subjects such as art, music and drama should be a part of every childs basic education Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion While in some education systems importance of subjects such as art, music and drama in basic education is disregarded, experts have a concordant opinion about necessity of them in schools. As Ill discuss, devoting a regular and precious schedule for above subjects not only help students to improve their artistry but also could significantly increase creativity and self-confidence of the kids. It is clear that, discovering childs talent is one of the most important schools tasks. Schools by offering courses such as Fine Arts in their curriculum and hiring teachers who are highly qualified in art or music can help students to flourish their talents. As a case, we know that most of the big musicians started their art activities from early ages. So it might be a good idea to have music classes and help talented students to foster their talent. As the second reason, if these subjects become a part of every childs basic education children can learn self-expression, creativity, teamwork and self- inference skills. We will write a custom essay on Subjects such as art, music and drama specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Thus according to these facts art could be also useful in students personal life. Many children suffer from behavioral problems such as shyness and of course art activities will inspire a strong feeling of self-confidence to overcome their problems. Also students who have art activities can do better in other lessons, because the art improves some of mental abilities such as concentration power of brain. There is another fact that deserves some words here, art provides intrinsic pleasure for children. Because students who have art activities are satisfied with their own abilities and power. The unique feeling of power after drawing a picture, playing music, or creating something new would be the best gift for the artist. According to my experiences students who have learned an art are more prone to have a happier and better life. In sum up, effects of the subjects mentioned in the topic is not negligible in both childrens educational and personal life. Education system should provide an appropriate field for art activities in order to help students to have a better life. Subjects such as art, music and drama should be a part of every childs basic education By maharani

Production Cost Variance Analyses Essays

Production Cost Variance Analyses Essays Production Cost Variance Analyses Essay Production Cost Variance Analyses Essay Typically, one number represents what actually happened, that is, measured performance. The other number is a performance standard, such as a standard cost, a budget, or historical performance (what happened in the past, such as last month or last year). A variance analysis involves the decomposition of the variance into the individual factors that caused the variance. There is no one way to do variance analyses; many types of variance analyses can be appropriate in certain situations. Some involve comparisons of actual and expected results for individual line items in the accounting records. For example, managers might be interested to know that actual expenses were greater than gutted expenses because travel expenses were higher than expected, or that sales were lower than expected because one large customer did not order its normal quantity of goods. Other variance analyses involve the simultaneous investigation of the effects of prices, volumes, production or sales mixes, and exchange rates. Managers perform these variance analyses because they provide important insights about problems (or opportunities) that might exist. This chapter describes techniques for analyzing production cost variances in a way that provides managers with useful insights in controlling the various organizational elements that affect the performance of the production function. Most manufacturing companies use the standard sets of production variance analyses that are described in this chapter. Chapter 21 discusses variance analyses for other income v. TTS s, Ii-r statement elements. 622 Part 2 Management Accounting Direct Material and Labor Variances TX Direct Material be. The standard direct material cost of one unit of product (I. E. , one unit of stout) is found by multiplying the quantity of material (input) that should be needed for producing one unit of put times the price that should be paid per unit of material input (e. G. , 9 pounds per remit of output at $4 per A standard cost represen ts what the cost should $36 per unit of output). T}nor total standard direct material cost for an accounting period is the standard material cost per unit of output multiplied by the number of units produced in that period (e. 9. , if 100 units are produced, the total standard material cost is $3,600). This total standard material cost ($3,600) also can be calculated by multiplying the total standard quantity of material (900 pounds) by the standard cost per unit of material $4 per pound). The total standard quantity of 900 pounds is 100 units produced times 9 pounds per unit. Similarly, the actual direct material cost of one unit of stout is the actual quantity of material input used in producing that unit times the canal price paid per unit of material. The total actual direct material cost for a period is the sum of these actual costs for all the units produced in the period The differ,once between the total standard material cost and the total actual material cost of the goods actually prà ©cised direct material cost variance. That means that dirt mated variances are based on the actual putout quantity of a period; planned or budgeted output less play no part in the Ana$Russ. Because both the standard and accrual material cost totals were computed by multiplying a physical input quantity (e. G. , if pounds) by a price per unit of input (e. G- $4 per pound), it is possible decomposability material costarring into aquantitycomponentandaprice component,NT Specifically, these component,ants are as felons: pound 1 . The fact that the actual quantity of material used for the stout produced offered from the standard quantity causes the material usage finance (also called the yield variance or simply the quantity variance). . Theft TNT the curia price of each unit of material input tittered from the standardize causes the materialistic variance The algebraic sum of these two variances is the total marital variance{hat is, the difference between total actual direct material costs for the period and total standard direct mated costs. Fifth companys standard cost eastern includes only one account -f for material variance, is sum is the mammoth that would appease in that count. Favorable and Unfavorable Wariness If actual cost is Lorene than standard cost, the variance is said to ; if the reverse, the variance? is said table unfavorable. As explained in Chapter 19, favorable variances layer as credits in variance accords whereas irremovable variances appear as debits. We shall use fees adjectives in the description that follows. Hewer, it should be recognized deferrable in this sense does not necessarily mean that performance was good; it means only that actual costs were laurel +Han standard costs. The As pointed out in Chapter 19, some compartmentalized cost $items have two material variance accounts. Such slotted identify material price variance when the. Inertial is received into materials inventory. When this is done, the material price variance is baaed on the quantity of materials received doing the period rather than the quantity that was USDA during the period. In these systems the material usage variance is developed when materials are sued to production, as shown in Illustration 19-2. 0 Unction Astringencys$sees 623 interpretation of these variances, once they have been identified, is discussed eater. Lower costs can even indicate a problem because they might be the result, for example, of using inferior quality materials. Formulas The commonly used rules for finding the two direct material variances are as follows: 1 . The material usage Viviane is the difference between total standard quantity and total actual quantity femoral input, with each total quantity partici pated standard price per unit of material. Both total quantities are based on the number of units of output actually produced. 2. The malarial price variance is the difference between the standard price ND the actual price per unit of material input, multiplied by the actual quantity of material used Each unit of Product X is supposed to require 9 pounds of direct material costing $4 per pound.

20 Book Activities to Try With Grades 3-5

20 Book Activities to Try With Grades 3-5 Book reports are a thing of the past, and its time to be innovative and try some book activities that your students will enjoy. The activities below will reinforce and enhance what your students are currently reading. Try a few, or try them all. They can also be repeated throughout the year. If youd like, you can print out a list of these activities  and hand them out to your students. 20 Book Activities for Your Classroom To be a little bit inclusive, you can ask your student to choose an activity from the list below that they think will go well with the book they are currently reading. Draw two or more characters from your story. Write a brief dialog exchange between the characters.Draw a picture of yourself on the television talking about the book you are currently reading. Under your illustration, write down three reasons someone should read your book.Pretend your story is a play. Draw two specific scenes from your story and underneath the illustrations, write a brief dialog exchange of what is happening in each scene.Make a timeline of the important events that are happening in your book. Include important dates and events that took place in the characters lives. Include a few sketches of the main events and dates.If you are reading a poetry book, copy your favorite poem and draw an illustration to accompany it.Write a letter to the author of your book. Make sure to include any questions you have about the story, and talk about what your favorite part was.Choose three sentences from your book and turn them into questions. First, copy the sentence, then beneath t hat, write down your questions. Example: The emerald was green as a blade of grass. Was the emerald as green as a blade of grass? Find 5 plural (more than one) nouns in your book. Write down the plural form, then write the singular (one) form of the noun.If you are reading a biography, create an illustration of what your famous person is known for doing. Example, Rosa Parks is known for not getting off the bus. So you would draw an illustration of Rosa Parks taking a stand on the bus. Then explain in two more sentences about the picture you drew.Draw a story map about the book you are reading. To do this draw, a circle in the middle of your paper, and in the circle write the name of your book. Then, around the title, draw several pictures with words underneath about the events that happened in the story.Create a comic strip of the main events that happened in your book. Be sure to draw balloons to accompany each picture with dialog from the characters.Choose three words from your book that you like the most. Write down the definition, and draw a picture of each word.Choose your favorite character and draw them n the middle of your paper. Then, draw lines coming out of the character, and list of the characters traits. Example: Old, nice, funny. Create a small most wanted poster of the meanest character in your book. Remember to include what he/she looks like and why they are wanted.If you are reading a biography, create a portrait of the famous person you are reading about. Under their picture include a brief description of that person and what they are most known for.Pretend you are the author of the book and make up an alternative ending to the story.If you are reading a biography, make a list of 5 things you learned that you did not know.Draw a Venn diagram. On the left side, write down the name of the character that was the hero of the story. On the right side write down the name of the character that was the Villain of the story. In the middle, write down a few things they had in common.Pretend you are the author of the book. In a brief paragraph,  explain what you would change in the book, and why.Divide your paper in half, on the left side write facts, and on the right side write fiction (remember fiction means it is not true). Then write down five facts from your book and five things that are fiction. Recommended Reading If you need some book ideas, here are a few books that students in grades 3-5 will enjoy reading: Tales of a Fourth Grade Nothing by Judy BlumeCaddie Woodlawn by Carol Ryrie BrinkThe BFG by Roald DahlThe Courage of Sarah Noble by Alice DalglieshEverything on a Waffle by Polly HorvathIn the Year of the Boar and Jackie Robinson by Bette Bao LordThe Secret School by Avi

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 3

Leadership - Essay Example According to Stuecker (2010) successful leaders have to be good role models. This ensures that there is a guaranteed continuity in leadership. Freeth (2007) adds that role models in mental health care play a key role to both the patients as well as the rest of staff they work with. A role model simply means that one is a person who is looked up to and also revered by someone else. They are people who other people aspire and admire to be like mostly in the present but also in the future. They can be indivdual whom a person interacts with on regular basis or even a person one has never met like a sportspersons or professional or celebrities. Common role models that are known include celebrities, actors, professionals, managers, family members, political leaders, corporate leaders, teachers among others. According to OLynn (2013) role models play a key role in shaping Careers. Yoder-Wise and Kowalski (2012) say that in any profession, the role models help new practitioners set a standard for themselves. The idea of a role model gives an individual a sense of leadership. Defining leadership can be a bit challenging because every person has their own view of what a leader is. There are those who see a leader as a person who guides and lead others to complete particular tasks while others see it as more to do with the motivation and inspiration that the individual offers to the subjects they lead. According to Kunreuther, Roiguez and Kim (2013) definition of leadership is much dependent on what is perceived by the leader as leadership and what is understood by those who are led. The role model becomes a leader to the person they inspire. Leadership can be hard to define in some context. This is because leadership can be subjective and varies in different situations. Nonetheless, leadership skills can be practiced in all levels in workplace. An individual may be a role model but have not been given leadership roles but as

Explain what the term 'Fair trade' means and what are the important Essay

Explain what the term 'Fair trade' means and what are the important issues for the business world - Essay Example The basic intention of having fair trade is to move the works of the producers from the developing markets down towards the more urbanized quarters of the world, which suggests that the works of these developing countries are appreciated and allotted with revenues in return. This also helps the developing regimes to move from a position of vulnerability to security as well as economic self-sufficiency. The aspect of empowerment is also apparent from these undertakings since it allows for these developing nations to have more stakes in their produced goods over a period of time and thus allow them far more share in their own wealth. What this in essence does is to provide a greater share of equity which marginalizes the world trade levels as well as brings an end to the exploitation that has been happening over a long period of time, more so under the international trade tenets. A number of different global organizations work in close unison with fair trade regimes since this brings in aid for the poor countries, uplift in economic levels for the ones which are on the development curve and an overall prosperity scenario for the countries that have already been established and are making both ends meet in an economically self-efficient manner. These social and environmental organizations include Oxfam, Amnesty International and Caritas International to name a few. What these organizations try to do is to devise ways and means through which fair trade could be bolstered between different world regions and the societies could benefit from these steps that are taken under such levels. Also there is unity of purpose and actions are carried out in a manner which works to the advantage of the whole globe rather than a single entity at the very end. Because of these very steps, there are critics present under the banner of the fair trade regimes which suggests that the close

History And Structure Of English English Language Essay

History And Structure Of English English Language Essay The intriguing question, whether language and culture have something to do with each other was the propellant behind this research. Defining language as a exclusively human entity for communication using sophisticated variables and culture as the know-how required for smooth subsistence in a society, the Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses has been studied with evidence collected from my Mother tongue [Malayalam] in relation to English. Doctrines of linguistic relativism [language does not impose but influences thought process i.e. language predisposes the mindset towards a specific world reality] and linguistic determinism [language determines the categories of thought i.e. perception is at the mercy of language] have been captured with citations from literary texts of renowned linguists and have been subjected to the penetrating light of analysis with the evidence collected in terms of categories of language like gender, religion, time etc. The research has led to conclusions which support the theses at its weaker level and establish the one to one relation existing between the two subjects in question. The concerns of translation have been addressed briefly along with posing the debate of deterministic approachs viability to the readers discretion. Accepting the influence of language and culture to great extent, the paper tries to show how perception shapes up under the two with research proof and theories supporting the same in background. Key Terms Language Culture Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses Linguistic Relativism Linguistic Determinism Translation Categories 1. Introduction Language, unique to mankind, which is the method of relaying thoughts by the use of signs, can be analyzed in wake of its connection to culture which is itself a diverse entity constituting knowledge, traditions, values, art, rituals and much more that are provided by the historical, environmental and psychological dimensions of human exposure which a person acquires as being part of the society. There seems to be a one to one correspondence between sounds, words and sentences in a specific language and the manner in which the user of that language perceives the world around him/her. A well acknowledged hypothesis is to treat language as a free channel for the relay of ideas as it does not obstruct transparent ideas from being transmitted. Structuralists considered language as sound entwined with systematic thought as language less thought was similar to uncharted nebula. There exists no distinction nor an idea before language was conceived. But this has been challenged later by ling uists, who have defined language as comprising a kind of logic or type of reference which is the key in shaping the speech communitys ideas. The diversity in vocabulary of two languages can be linked to the diverse ideas and opinions presented in the two languages .While considering culture in a larger horizon it are imperative to think what it inculcates. So culture therefore can be treated as what an individual should know as to perform effectively in the social structure of a society and that the result of this involvement in different aspects doesnt in any way have something to do with biological characterization. Illustrating the bond between language and culture can be done easily by reflecting upon the Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses (1921) which have two doctrines, linguistic relativism and linguistic determinism. The weaker version of the notion, the idea of linguistic relativism, proposes that there exist infinite possibilities with regard to the framework of human languages. Langu age, it says in no way forces realty. The grammatical items of a language do not decide a communitys world perception but plays a major part in the mindset of the speaker to a specific perception. Whereas, linguistic determinism intends to say that language determines how we conceive ideas and our intellectual psyche .Sensory inputs and the diasporas of worldly perceptions one gathers depends on the differences and categories engraved within a language and the speaker realizes the universe around as demarcated by the mother tongue. These hypothesiss present clearly how culture emerges as a roadblock in front of a translator while trying to reconstruct a piece of literature well cushioned in the cultural heritage of the area. The levels to which the idea can be recaptured remains questioned as every piece of literature is well immersed in its social and historic variables of the culture concerned and also have to let go of the native base and try to pitch itself in new regions with d ifferent social norms. When one plans to translate, the matrix of the text, the matrix of the society out of which the article has emerged and the social matrix in which Meta article will be developed has to be considered. The rituals and norms in a region will differ from those of other parts and language is the manifestation of these different cultures. In specific situations words tend to deliver a good deal of ideas but certain visuals rarely have their counterparts in other languages. 2 Literature Review 2.1 An introduction to Sociolinguistics-Ronald Wardaugh Goodenoughs (1957,p 167) defines culture as: A society culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members, and to do so in any role that they accept for any one of themselves. One long standing claim concerning the relationship between language and culture is that the structure of a language determines the way in which speakers of that language view the world. A somewhat weaker version is that the structure does not determine the world view but is still extremely influential in predisposing speakers of a language toward adopting a particular world view. The opposite claim is that the culture of a people finds reflection in the language they employ: because they value certain things and do them in a certain way, they come to use their language in ways that reflect what they value and what they do. In this view, cultural requirements do not determine the structure of a language but they certainly influence how a langu age is used and perhaps determine why specific bits and pieces are the way they are. If speakers of one language have certain words to describe things and speakers of another language lack similar words, then speakers the first language will find it easier to talk about these things. A stronger claim is that if one language makes distinctions that another does not make, then those who use the first language will more readily perceive the differences in their environment which such linguistic distinctions draw attention to .The strongest claim of all is that the grammatical categories available in a particular language not only help the users of that language to perceive the world in a certain way but also at the same time limit such perception. They act as blinkers, you perceive only what your language allows you or predispose you to perceive. Romaine (1999) states the position as follows: No particular language or way of speaking has a privileged view of the world as it really is T he world is not simply the way it is but what we make it through language .The domain of experience that are important to cultures get grammaticed into languagesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [And] no two languages are sufficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. Finally the claim that it would be impossible to describe certain things in a particular language because that language lacks the necessary resources is only partially valid at best. When one analysiss the ideas presented by Wardaugh its evident that the Sapir-Whorf Hypotheses remains still unproved. It seems that it is possible to speak about anything in a language given that the person is ready to use some amount of ambiguous or roundabout figures of speech. Still some concepts might be better expressed in some languages than the others. All languages gives its speakers a system for making any type of inference that they have to make of the world in addition to their own language which can talk about any other language. If this is the case, then language must be a highly sophisticated entity, one which lets its speakers to break through any perceptions that exist and to make is happen quite easily. 2.2 Language and the Mediation of Experience: Linguistic Representation and Cognitive Orientation-Michael Stubbs A famous formulation of this puzzle was made by Marx (1852), who radically unified the individual and the social: Human beings make their own history, but they do not make it of their own free will à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ The tradition of all the dead generations weighs like a nightmare on the minds of the living. Saussurean structuralism leads almost inevitably to the view that the language system itself creates meaning. The most explicit source is work by Sapir (1884-1939) and Whorf (1897-1941). The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is often taken as the classic source of the view that the grammatical categories of language construct implicit theories of the world. Famous passages in Whorf (1956) include: We cut nature up, organize it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do, largely because we are parties to an agreement to organize it in this way an agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the patterns of our language (p. 213). This is a claim about linguist ic relativity. But a view that languages embody conventions which codify thought slides easily into determinism: The agreement is, of course, an implicit and unstated one, but its terms are absolutely obligatory; we cannot talk at all except by subscribing to the organization and classification of data which the agreement decrees [pp. 213-14, emphasis in original] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the forms of a persons thoughts are controlled by inexorable laws of pattern of which he is unconscious. (p. 252)We dont speak a language, the language speaks us (Foucault, 1980; G. Williams,1992: 248-58).There are certainly areas of experience which are both abstract and differently grammaticaliced in different languages, for example, in systems of tense, aspect, mood and modality, and evidentiality. It is common for such meanings to be marked in the grammar as obligatory categories, but languages differ considerably in what can and must be encoded. There are many areas of human life of which we can have no direct experience at all, and where all our knowledge comes to us via language. It is therefore plausible that language influences thought, for most of us, at least some of the time. Nelson (1991) points out that a great deal of our knowledge of the world is acquired through language, and that many cultural concepts which children acquire early do not exist independently of the ways in which we talk about them. The book says that much of the challenge posed by Whorf and others remains unsolved: it is especially tough to break free of these roundabouts of arguments where language is both root and proof. It speaks of many variants of the outlook that language and ideas are related. It believes it is reasonable that if the world is continually talked about in specific ways, then such behavior can influence thinking. Proposes that there does not exist is no credible proof that language determines thought in any absolute way. On the contrary, it says that all languages provide resources which are being continuously developed to express new thoughts. However, it has evidence that linguistic choices can make people reach baseless conclusions. And thinks it is highly probable that, if these resources are constantly exploited in regular codings, then behavior of language can lead to stereotyped thinking. 2.3 How does our language shape how we think-Lera Boroditsky For a long time, the idea that language might shape thought was considered at best non testable and more often simply wrong. From experiments, we have learned is that people who speak different languages do indeed think differently and that even flukes of grammar can profoundly affect how we see the world. Language is a uniquely human gift, central to our experience of being human. Language is so fundamental to our experience, so deeply a part of being human, that its hard to imagine life without it. Most questions of whether and how language shapes thought start with the simple observation that languages differ from one another. Clearly, languages require different things of their speakers. Certainly, speakers of different languages must attend to and encode strikingly different aspects of the world just so they can use their language properly. Scholars on the other side of the debate dont find the differences in how people talk convincing. All our linguistic utterances are sparse, encoding only a small part of the information we have available. Its possible that everyone thinks the same way, notices the same things, but just talks differently. Believers in cross-linguistic differences counter that everyone does not pay attention to the same things: if everyone did, one might think it would be easy to learn to speak other languages. Learning to speak new languages requires something more than just learning vocabulary: it requires paying attention to the right things in the world so that you have the correct information to include in what you say. The result is a profound difference in navigational ability and spatial knowledge between speakers of languages that rely primarily on absolute reference frames (like Kuuk Thaayorre) and languages that rely on relative reference frames (like English). What enables them in fact, forces them to do this is their language. Patterns in a language can indeed play a causal role in constructing how we think. In practical term s, it means that when youre learning a new language, youre not simply learning a new way of talking, you are also inadvertently learning a new way of thinking. Apparently even small flukes of grammar, like the seemingly arbitrary assignment of gender to a noun, can have an effect on peoples ideas of concrete objects in the world. Such quirks are pervasive in language; gender, for example, applies to all nouns, which means that it is affecting how people think about anything that can be designated by a noun. The article has talked about how languages form the system in which we think about space, time, colors, and objects. It also points to effects of language on how people read events, rationale about causality, maintain track of amount, comprehend matter, observe and experience sentiment, reason about other peoples minds, opt to take risks, and even the way they choose professions and spouses. Taking up the all arguments, the author shows that linguistic processes are pervasive in most elementary domains of thinking, involuntarily determining us from the nuts and bolts of cognition and observation to our loftiest conceptual ideas and chief life decisions. Language is vital to our understanding of being human, and the languages we speak deeply shape the method we imagine, the method we observe the world, the method we live our live. 3. Language and culture: Evidence from Mother Tongue 3.1 Proverbs Onam vanalaum, Unni piranalum, Koranu kumpilil thane kanji which translates as that even at the time of cultural festivities [here Onam, a cultural festival of the Malayalam speech community] and even when a child is born [here Unni, which is an endearment term used for boy, child or son] still a lower class/caste member will have to have his meager food [here kanji, which is rice without separating out the water after steaming] in a humble bowl [here kumpil, which is a bowl made by forming a cone out of a leaf].While a native speaker will be able to feel the pathetic condition of the lower class and how they stand oppressed in life, a English speaker will not perceive this the same way as he is unaware of the caste system, the cultural fervor associated with Onam and birth of a child and how kumpil is a marker of the poverty. Onamthinnu edak puttu kachavadam which is a phrase used when someone talks or does something irrelevant when he/she must be doing something else. The phrase translates as selling puttu [a local cuisine made by steaming ground rice layered with coconut] while the celebrations of Onam is in full swing. This phrase also illustrates how the people despise the materialistic attitude and want all to be part of cultural celebrations. An English speaker might be able to identify the concept he will not be able to associate as strongly as a native speaker with the idea as the ideas of harmony and friendship spread by Onam and how puttu is part of life in the area is known properly only to them 3.2 Folk songs Allayal thara venam, aduthorampalam venam, Alinu chernoru kulavum venam; Kulipanayi kulam venam, kulathil chenthamara vena, Kulichu chenakam pukan chandhanam venam. Puvayal manam venam, pumanayal gunam venam, Pumaninikalayal adakam venam; Nadayal nripan vena, arikil mantrimar venam, Nadinu gunamulla prajakal venam. This is a folk song widely popular throughout the Malayalam speech community. It translates as: If you have a banyan tree, you must have an enclosing structure for it, you must have a temple near the tree and a pond close to the tree. For bathing you must have a pond, in the pond there must be lotus plants and afterwards must have sandal at home to use soon after the bath. Flowers should have fragrance, a deer must be virtuous and the damsels must be disciplined. A state must have a king, also ministers to assist and citizens useful to the state. In an English setting one will just see this song as random cluster of ideas but in the linguistic area corresponding to Malayalam, people will surely have the vision of a country side with banyan trees and people sitting on the enclosing chatting, temple near the tree and the rituals, the temple pond with lotus plants and taking bath in it before going into the temple for religious ceremonies, radical concept of well nurtured women being di sciplined, beautiful like a flower and virtuous, of Mahabeli and his rule in the region when the king and his subordinates along with good natured people lived a happy existence and so on. 3.3 Rituals Auspicious time When the idea of conducting a ceremony or event like marriage, starting something new etc comes to the mind of an English speaker he thinks of the time or place with regard to when and where it is comfortable, affordable and so on. But when a Malayalam Speaker speaks of events his perceptions often lingers about the auspiciousness of the day, place and time. When a speaker says that the time for marriage is so and so it means that the time has been chosen in accordance with beliefs of the person concerned and has been authenticated by a priest or religious head. Lighting the lamp at night In the region home to Malayalam, many households practice the ritual of lighting the lamp at night and placing it in front of the main door. For an English speaker this would rather be to have light in the darkness. But to a native the idea of lighting of the lamp at night means to cast away all evil forces of the dark and also brings in the image of the elderly in the house reading scriptures. So the perception for a native will be rich in culture fervor unlike a foreigner. 3.4 Beliefs Lunar eclipse When an English speaker speaks of lunar eclipse, the idea of sun blocking off moon comes to ones mind and nothing more. But when a Malayalam speaker does the same the belief that the asura Rahu is eating up moon resulting in the eclipse is also in background. So the mythological stories will be playing in ones mind while talking about lunar eclipse in Malayalam whereas nothing of that sort exists for the English Speaker. Sacred grove When a native speaker says sacred grove i.e. kavu, the religious elements comes to mind along with the wilderness housing idols and esp. the idea that it houses snakes considered holy and worshipped. But the English speech community will never associate snakes with a sacred grove because their culture doesnt give snakes such status in religious context. Therefore they will perceive a sacred grove as a holy place of worship covered in wilderness and nothing more. 3.5 Religion Address terms When we consider an English speaker, his address term for father doesnt change with religion. But in Malayalam, the natives following different faiths have different terms for addressing their father. While a Hindu calls his father achan, a Christian calls him appan and a Muslim calls him uppa. So while an English Speaker does in no way convey his religion in speech, a Malayalam speakers way of addressing his father reveals his faith and thereby shapes another persons perception of him/her. Greetings or Blessings As English speech community consists of people of who believe in faiths prophesying monotheism they usually say may God bless you or in Gods name. But as Malayalam natives are chiefly of faith which acknowledge existence of Goddesses and polytheism, they have phrases like bhagavathi nine kathu kollum which translates as the Goddess will protect you which cannot be realized in its utmost sense by the English speaker. 3.6 Cultural Festivals Onam The festival of Onam is something is deeply encoded in the cultural fervor of the Malayalam speech community. While the English speaker might grasp the idea, history and rituals associated with the festival, the festivities will never be relished by him/her like a native who has vivid images of the tasty Onasadhya [the rich lunch on the festive day], of a festival transcending religious boundaries, of the fun while setting up the pookalam [a type of flower arrangement] and much more. Vishu The festival of Vishu celebrated among the Malayalam speakers brings about the images of kannikonna [a tree bearing yellow flowers], kanni [a ritual associated with Vishu], kayineetam [he ritual of giving gifts to the young members of the family by the elders at time of Vishu] and so on. Even if the English speaker tries to realize the idea of Vishu, he/she will still never be able to have the same approach to it as a native because he lacks the social attributes. 3.7 Abusive Language Reference to female genitals The Malayalam culture seems to have some kind of predisposition towards using abusive language with reference to female genitals. When a native abuses someone he/she tends to abuse him/her with abusive terms associated with his female relations genitals. When an English speaker abuses he doesnt tend to be inclined to this unlike a Malayalam speaker which shows that former doesnt think along the lines thought upon by the latter. Affinity to female relations English language does not discriminate among males and females a lot when concerned about abusive words. But Malayalam shows strong affinity for abusive words which pertain to female relations of the person concerned .Most of the taboo words often tend to pertain to females which shows how much language and culture are related and how much perception is influenced. 3.8 Colors The Malayalam language has 7 colors: chumala [red], manja [yellow], karup [black], vella [white], uutu [violet], neela [blue] and pacha [green]. It doesnt have terms for orange, indigo, grey etc which thereby limits their world view to some extent. As some colors of the rainbow are absent, one who speaks of it will talk about in as different shades of a color unlike an English speaker who will be able to separate and talk about each color. 3.9 Address Terms Unlike English speech community which doesnt have a culture which has a caste system, Malayalam has in place a society with prevalent caste norms which defines the reality to some extent. The address terms often used reflect these caste norms present like in nom and aen used by the upper caste and lower caste people respectively in the place of personal pronoun I. Similarly words like adiyan and thampran were used by the workers and subordinates to landlords and kings instead of I and you. 3.10 Kinship Terms While talking of kinship terms too Malayalam boasts of a large number of words to signify the relations unlike English which has very few words in this aspect. While English confines itself to terms generalized to signify both maternal and paternal relations and both elder and younger relations, Malayalam provides specific terms for the same. For example vallyamma/vallyachan refers to the wife of elder brother or husband of the elder sister of the father and cheriyamma/cheriyachan refers to the wife of younger brother or husband of the younger sister of the father. Also it has a lot of synonyms for signifying the same relation like veli, antherjanam, bharya all for the same word wife. Then some relations absent in English language are also present like the concept of muracherukan/murapennu [which speaks of the son and daughter of a brother and sister respectively being deemed to enter wedlock at time of birth by custom] 3.11 Gender Malayalam has no grammatical indication of gender and is similar to English in this. But the disposition towards the two genders is entirely different for a Malayalam speaker from an English speaker. In Malayalam Language, many words for prostitute exist like veshya, vebicharini etc but there seems no word for a male counterpart. Also the concept of Devi [ installing a chosen female of the community as the Goddess of the temple, restricting her worldly pleasures and the deity to authorize rituals] has no where a parallel idea which floats the thought of a male being subjected to the same measures. 3.12 Time Concepts 4 nimisham/mathra/kashta/noti = 1 ganitham 10 ganithams = 1 Neduveerpu 6 neduveerpu/ 240 mathra = 1 vinazhika 60 vinazhika = 1 nazhika 60 nazhika = 1 day (Each present day hour = 2.5 nazhika. Also 1 day has 864,000 nimisham/mathra and present day consists of 86,400 seconds which implies that 1 second = 10 nimisham/mathra) 15 days = 1 paksham 2 pakshams/ 30 days = 1 month 365 days = 1 human year/Deva day/Divya day Therefore we find a clear demarcation between how the Malayalam speech community has varied concepts regarding time inculcated by culture when considered along the lines of an English speaker. While an English speaker normally would talk of time with terms like seconds, minutes, hour etc, a Malayalam native will perceive time not the same way as units differ. Also while talking of time the Malayalam speech community will have differing perception of the external reality as they dissect time not the way done by an English speaker because unlike the latter who thinks of the day as 24 hours, the former considers the same as 60 nazhika which will make no sense what so ever when conveyed to the latter. 3.13 Art Forms Art forms have their say in perception and speech communitys language. While an English speaker will have just things as signs or symbols, a Malayalam native has words like aangyam and mudra where aangyam simply refers to various signs but mudra has a deeper connotation of bringing in a dancers poses or steps. Similarly various words associated with art forms specific to the culture in question like arangetam'[ first performance of an artist or of an event], padham [refers to the various parts of a dance performance esp. Margamkalli, a Christian dance form] and many more are exclusive to Malayalam speech community. 3.14 Profession In Malayalam language, terms for various professions are typically associated with a particular group, like a specific gender, class or faith. For example, koythukaran/koythukari [a farm hand] is someone who brings along the perception of lower class. A vayidyan [practitioner of traditional medicines] brings with term an image a male member of the society and never does a female cross ones mind when the image concerned is talked about. Also when one talks of kapiyar [assistant to the priests in church] the imagery being projected is of a Christian follower who carries out the basic duties in the religious ceremonies. 3.15 Cuisines The Malayalam Speech community boasts of a large variety of culture specific delicacies which in no way can be translated and grasped by an English native. Cuisines are deeply cushioned with cultural fervor may it be religion or occasion. Be it pathiri [ pancake made of rice flour] is a typical Muslim food item or pallukachal [ boiling of milk] which marks the beginning of a new life in a new house. 3.16 Dress Chattyum-mundum [a native attire of females among native Christians] illustrates how a particular reference to a type of dress has influence over the speakers reflection of reality. While an English speaker might identify the dress and who wear it he will not be able to grasp the various images of Rosary wielding old females and so on. Also mundum-neriyathum [a traditional attire of 2 mundus making a set, with one mundu worn similar to men as lower garment and the other worn on the upper half resembling a sari] identitys the person as a part of Hindu religion, most probably the higher class. 4. Language and culture: Research Findings from Mother Tongue Consider language  as an exclusively  human  ability for acquiring and using complex systems of  communication and culture as an integrated pattern of human knowledge, faith, and manners that depends upon the ability for representative notion and communal education. Although all observers may be confronted by the same physical evidence in the form of experiential data and although they may be capable of externally similar acts of observation, a persons picture of the universe or view of the world differs as a function of the particular language or languages that person knows. (Lee 1996, page 87) .When one takes into consideration the evidences gathered from Malayalam, [mother tongue/language] Sapir-Whorf hypothesis remains relevant though the strong variant fails to hold ground and the weaker doctrine dominates the argument. Linguistic determinism can no longer be thought as a strong claim as the examples cited as evidence clearly demarcate between the determining and influen cing effect on display between language and culture. The main problem of which among language and culture influences the other still remains debatable but an agreement upon the use of the term influence rather than determine has been reached or linguistic relativism has been recognised over the deterministic approach. The proof offered by the Mother tongue have illustrated how cultural fervour stands as an obstacle in the way of a translator who has to keep in mind the native culture, the resultant culture and idea originally conveyed all have to be kept in mind and given their due. The whole variety of examples taken from all aspects of language like Kinship terms, Proverbs, Folk songs, Religion, Time units and many more provide conclusive evidence regarding the two way relation of language and culture i.e. both are interdependent and one cannot be considered in isolation from another. The proof that anthropological studies and linguistics studies must go in hand in hand and the pe rception of world reality gets enriched in being multilingual is the straightforward answer of the research. How languages across the globe have similarities like being sexist, having culturally rich vocabulary etc are some of the notable results. The human e

Report on Financial Statement Fraud Scheme Case Study

Report on Financial Statement Fraud Scheme Case Study: The Importance of Timing ACC/556 Professor University of Phoenix December 19, 2011 Memo To: The Management From: Forensic Auditor Date: 12/19/2011 Subject: Case Study on the Importance of Timing and Financial Statement Fraud Scheme As our company is in process of conducting investigation to detect any financial statement fraud or abuse, I have come across the case where expenses were recorded in the financial statement under the period it was disbursed to vendor and actual services occurred in next or other financial year period.It’s against the regulation of SEC and GAAP guidelines. In this particular case the repair were completed in current year and vendor was prepaid for services in full last year financial period, which a violation by recording expenses in the wrong period. No one took the funds and commit fraud but it shows inaccurate expenses and revenue in financial statement for both current and past years. It was done to maintain the repair budget for last year as there was room to spend more last year , so the plant supervisor and purchase manager decided to pay in advance last year and actual services were occurred this year.As per scope of examination a company can lose a substantial amount of revenue through occupational fraud and abuse. There is several deterrence methods can be implemented by a company to avoid frauds and abuse by employees. This misleading financial statement fraud may impact our company’s investment potential, credit worthiness, business operation, and employee morale (Wells, 2005). The SEC Acts of 1933 and 1934 were passed by Congress of United States to provide sources of potential liability for accountants to ensure protection for investors and for facilitation of orderly capital markets (Lowers, Ramsey, Sinason & Strawser, 2007).These acts enforce accountability on accountants to practice integrity when working for clients and financial institutions by re porting misstatement disclosures in financial statements. As a forensic auditor I collect evidence from company’s employees, customers, vendors, and anonymous sources. The sampling tools and techniques used in this investigation consists systematic random selection of data from selected sources. The forensic accountant use computer forensics, data analytics and interviews to allow them to assemble much of the required evidence for an investigation.This abuse was detected when we see the invoice of heavy amount paid by end of the last year without any inspection report or repair completion document in file. The further investigation showed it was done later this year. No employee took any funds to commit financial fraud or larceny but the financial statement were misleading to the users of those statements. A company may experience such type of abuse or corruption schemes developed at any given time, more than one area or all over the company.Corruption can be performed by fra udster employees who intentionally and wrongfully use their influence to gain personal financial gain from company business transaction. It can be limited to a particular department or it may exist in all structural levels. It is vital for a company to review financial status routinely to ensure proper accounting and reporting procedures are followed in entirety of company business transactions. It is extremely important to review before an end of year transactions with heavy amounts to ensure validity of amount and services occurred in that financial year.There are many other red flags an investigator or auditor can find to detect such recording of expenses in wrong period. For example when there is an abnormal growth in number of day’s sales in receivable or decline in day’s purchases in accounts payable. These abnormalities and abuse can be avoided through reviewing acquisitions journal, general ledger and accounts payable master file to ensure that there are no lar ge or unusual amounts. Also review vendors’ invoices, receiving reports, purchase orders and purchase requisitions to verify that they are valid and are for reasonable amounts.Trace inventory acquisitions to the inventory master file to verify that items recorded as inventory are all valid. Trace receiving reports and vendors’ invoices to the acquisitions journal to verify that all received goods have been properly recorded. Compare transactions recorded in the acquisitions journal to the vendors’ invoices, receiving reports, purchase orders, and purchase requisitions to verify that they have been recorded at their correct amounts, date, and quantities.Other factors that aided in this investigation are from checking cash, and disbursement journal entries to be dated with the date of the check. The related monthly general ledger summary entries shall carry the date of the month summarized. Procedures that need to be implemented to ensure that fraudulent processin g of vendor invoices does not exists would consist of: †¢ Only original invoices being processed for payment †¢ Proper authorization obtained for price differences on invoices Proper authorization obtained for quantity differences on invoices †¢ Invoices received from authorized vendors †¢ Check stock should have pre-printed sequential numbers and logged in a register †¢ Separation of duty for printing and mailing of vendor checks †¢ Separation of duty for computer vendor master’s listing and updates †¢ Ensure merchandise is properly delivered to a company facility. †¢ Reviewing general ledger entries for unusual amount and date of the year.The substantive procedures to test effectiveness of internal controls for recording expense is to examine accounting records, reports, documents, control related activities, and client procedures. The implementation of above mentioned procedures will decrease the risk of fraud and abuse in an organiz ation. References: Wells, J. T. (2005). Principles of Fraud Examination. Hoboken, NJ: McGraw-Hill. Mulford, C. W. , & Comiskey, E. E. (2002). The Financial Numbers Game. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

solar energy Essay - 586 Words

Solar Energy All life on Earth depends on energy from the sun. Solar energy is the source of energy for photosynthesis. It provides the warmth necessary for plants and animals to survive. Scientists have found a way to use God’s natural light towards the advantage of our daily lives. The affects of this idea revolutionary, results of solar power could lead to a more modernized society and efficient economy. Solar energy is a term that usually means the direct use of sunlight to produce heat or electric power. Solar technology is improving rapidly. Someday, it may provide a clean and abundant source of power. Solar energy is a very useful resource. Today 80% of the energy we use comes from fossil fuels and about 1% comes†¦show more content†¦Scientists have developed a way to convert the energy absorbed by the sun in the daylight to a rechargeable battery when night falls. So when the sun shines the next morning, it is a recycling process. However, even though solar power has its advantages, some scientists argue it’s Disadvantages. The suns energy is plentiful, but it is thinly distributed over a large area and must be collected and concentrated to produce usable power. As a result, solar energy is a more expensive power source than fossil fuels for most applications. On the other even though it may be more expensive its well worth it. Deaths caused by sicknesses such as lung failure can quickly be cut in half. For, most of the time people develop bad lungs by breathing in the pollutants lingering in the air produced by cars, buses, and other types of automobiles. Solutions such as carpooling were developed in order to decreased the amount driving cars but it seemed ineffective. Solar power seems to be the only real logical solution. Picture highway of automobiles in motion without inhaling any type of harmful chemical in your body. Ever since the dawn of time, the sun has been a resource we cannot live or do without, so its not such a shock that man has come up with the idea of solar energy . The ideas of solar energy dangerous and some, a very valuable asset to the modern world. However, I feel that solar power is a great idea, by usingShow MoreRelatedThe Energy Of Solar Energy1687 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyses of solar energy deployment contained in the Word Energy Outlook, Energy Technology Perspectives and several IEA Technology Roadmaps. It aims at offering an updated picture of current technology trends and markets, as well as new analyses on how solar energy technologies for electricity, heat and fuels can be used in the various energy consuming sectors, now and in the future. If effective support policies are put in place in a wide number of countries during this decade, solar energy in its variousRead MoreSolar Power And Solar Energy1255 Words   |  6 PagesSolar energy is capable of providing a cleaner energy than most forms of energy generation, and solar energy is able to be generated economically. Solar energy reduces the amount of harm to the environment from energy generation, by providing a cleaner alternative. Solar energy also provides jobs for construction and installation of solar powered technologies. The cost of installing solar panels can vary greatly, but its long term benefits outweigh the costs. Typically a solar panel system isRead MoreThe Solar Of Solar Energy1637 Words   |  7 Pagesin solar energy has been growing in recent years. Solar energy is abundant, clean and renewable. There are two main methods to tap solar energy, i.e. with PV cells and with solar collectors. The former converts sun light directly to electricity while the latter collects the solar thermal energy (heat) to be used for various applications. Solar collectors have been in existent for many decades. Their usages are experiencing resurgence in the recent years due to the interest in renewable energy sourcesRead MorePreserving Our World with Solar Energy900 Words   |  4 PagesSolar energy is a way to restore and preserve our world. How wonderful it would be to use the suns energy to heat and cool our homes, power out cars and run the electricity to light our houses. This concept is getting close r to reality all the time. Solar energy is expensive on a large scale, but running lights and small appliances are now inexpensive. Small calculators and lights that are solar powered are accessable to everyone. God commissioned his children to take care of the earth in GenesisRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Solyndra Solar Energy Panels1174 Words   |  5 PagesFounded by Dr. Chris Granet in 2005 Solyndra Solar, based in California was a corporation that produced solar energy panels. They manufactured cylindrical shaped solar panels, and they were unequaled in the business, the corporation as well offers an assortment of additional solar merchandises, most solar engineering corporations use flat plates and was labeled as old-fashioned compared to the Solyndra’s PV Solar structure. Consumers preferred the solar merchandises of the Solyndra since they integratedRead MoreSolar Of Solar Thermal Energy1901 Words   |  8 Pages Solar Thermal Energy â€Å"Even if we didn t have greenhouse gases, were going to have to move away from fossil fuels, as we re going to run out. They re finite, where as solar and wind are infinite.† - Ted Turner. Solar panels use the energy that comes from sunlight to give power. Low-temperature panels are flat plates generally used to heat things such as pools. Medium-temperature panels can also be flat plates but they are used for heating water and / or air for residential and commercial useRead MoreRenewable Energy And Solar Energy921 Words   |  4 Pagesrenewable energy . Most of these renewable energies depend in one way or another on sunlight. Wind and hydroelectric power are the direct result of differential heating of the Earth s surface which leads to air moving about (wind) and precipitation forming as the air is lifted. Solar energy is the direct conversion of sunlight using panels or collectors. Biomass energy is stored sunlight contained in plants. Other renewable energies that do not depend on sunlight are geothermal energy, which isRead MoreThe Solar Of Solar Energy1316 Words   |  6 Pagesterawatts of energy. Solar cells offer a means to harness this energy by converting solar energy into electrical energy. While some may argue that solar energy is an inconsistent energy source, research is being poured into creating more efficient solar cells so that when light is incident on the solar cell, the solar cells operate at their highest possible efficiency levels. Currently, the most efficient solar cells convert 34.5% of sunlight to energy. With innovations like floating solar farms, suchRead MoreThe Solar Of Solar Energy1321 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Photovoltaic Solar Energy Throughout history, mankind had always wonder the mysterious secrets of nature with an attempt to make a replica of its magnificent work. Solar photovoltaic energy is the process to convert sunlight into electrical power as energy; imitating the process of photosynthesis that plants create to survive. Photovoltaic energy is not something recently discovered, it actually goes over 160 years The basic science was first discovered in 1839 but the pace of advancementRead MoreRenewable Energy And Solar Energy Essay1564 Words   |  7 Pagespertaining to the idea of solar renewable energy. Within the research, I will look to inform the reader on advantages and disadvantages of solar energy. Also, how solar energy will affect human in later years in the universe. Once research is conducted the report will then be organized into an informational report. The informational report will be shared with U.S solar marketers, John Barbour, and others whom are interested in knowing more information about solar energy. The main objective of this

English Learning Tips for ESL Learners and Classes

Here are a number of English learning tips to help you or your class improve your English. Choose a few English learning tips to get started today! Ask yourself weekly: What do I want to learn this week? Asking yourself this question every week will help you stop and think for a moment about what is most important to you. It is easy to focus only on the current unit, grammar exercise, etc. If you take a moment to stop and set a goal for yourself every week, you will notice the progress you are making and, in turn, become more inspired by how quickly you are learning English! You will be surprised at how this feeling of success will motivate you to learn even more English. Quickly review important new information shortly before going to bed. Research has shown that our brains process information that is fresh in our brains while we sleep. By shortly (this means very quickly - just a glance at what you are working on at the moment) going over some exercise, reading, etc. before you go to sleep, your brain will work away on this information while you sleep! While doing exercises and alone at home or in your room, speak English aloud. Connect the muscles of your face to the information in your head. Just as understanding the basics of tennis does not make you a great tennis player, understanding grammar rules do not mean you can automatically speak English well. You need to practice the act of speaking often. Speaking of yourself at home and reading the exercises you are doing will help connect your brain to your facial muscles and improve pronunciation and make your knowledge active. Do five to ten minutes of listening at least four times a week. In the past, I decided I needed to get fit and went jogging - usually three or four miles. Well, after not having done anything for many months, those three or four miles really hurt! Needless to say, I did not go jogging for another few months! Learning to understand spoken English well is very similar. If you decide that you going to work hard and listen for two hours, chances are that you will not do extra listening exercises any time soon. If on the other hand, you start off slowly and listen often, it will be easier to develop the habit of listening to English on a regular basis. Look for situations in which you must speak/read/listen to English This is probably the most important tip. You need to use English in a real world situation. Learning English in a classroom is important, but putting your English knowledge into practice in real situations will improve your fluency in speaking English. If you do not know of any real life situation, create new ones for yourself by using the Internet to listen to the news, write English responses in forums, exchange emails in English with email pals, etc.